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Tutorial 6.1
Introduction to the Link Layer & Services
Role of the link layer, framing, link access, reliable delivery, flow control, and error detection.
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Tutorial 6.2
Error Detection and Correction
Parity, checksums, CRC, Hamming codes, FEC, and performance analysis.
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Tutorial 6.3
Multiple Access Protocols
Channel partitioning (TDMA, FDMA), random access (ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA), and taking‑turns.
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Tutorial 6.4
MAC Addressing & ARP
MAC address structure, unicast/multicast/broadcast, ARP operation, cache, gratuitous ARP, and security.
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Tutorial 6.5
Ethernet Fundamentals & Frame Structure
Ethernet evolution, frame formats (DIX, IEEE 802.3), CSMA/CD, full‑duplex, and physical layer standards.
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Tutorial 6.6
Ethernet Switching & Transparent Bridging
Switch operation, store‑and‑forward vs. cut‑through, MAC table learning, forwarding/filtering, and collision domains.
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Tutorial 6.7
Virtual LANs (VLANs) & IEEE 802.1Q
VLAN benefits, tagging, access/trunk ports, native VLAN, inter‑VLAN routing, and design principles.
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Tutorial 6.8
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) & Redundancy
STP operation, root bridge election, port roles/states, RSTP, MSTP, and security features (BPDU Guard, Root Guard).
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Tutorial 6.9
Enterprise & Data‑Center LAN Architectures
Three‑tier campus design, leaf‑spine, scalability, ECMP, and redundancy strategies.
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Tutorial 6.10
Link Virtualization & Modern LAN Technologies
Virtual switching, overlays (VXLAN, NVGRE, GENEVE), SD‑LAN, network slicing, and intent‑based networking.
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Tutorial 6.11
Link‑Layer Security & Protection
MAC spoofing, ARP poisoning, VLAN hopping, port security, DHCP snooping, DAI, 802.1X, and MACsec.
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Tutorial 6.12
Comprehensive Review & Integration
Synthesis of all Unit 6 concepts, cross‑layer analysis, design problems, and troubleshooting scenarios.
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